About and History of Python

About and History of Python

1. Who is the creator of Python?

a) Larry Page
b) Guido van Rossum
c) Mark Zuckerberg
d) Bill Gates

Answer: b) Guido van Rossum

Explanation: Guido van Rossum created Python in the late 1980s while working at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.

2.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Python?

a) Object-oriented programming
b) Static typing
c) Dynamic semantics
d) High-level language

Answer: b) Static typing

Explanation: Python is a dynamically typed language, meaning that variable types are determined at runtime rather than at compile time. This allows for more flexibility and easier readability.

3.In what year was the first version of Python released?

a) 1985
b) 1990
c) 1995
d) 2000

Answer: b) 1990

Explanation: The first version of Python, version 0.9.0, was released in February 1991.

4.What is the significance of the name “Python”?

a) It was named after the snake species.
b) It was named after a character in a popular book series.
c) It was named after the Monty Python comedy troupe.
d) It has no significant meaning.

Answer: c) It was named after the Monty Python comedy troupe.

Explanation: Guido van Rossum named Python after the Monty Python comedy troupe, as he was a big fan of their work.

5. Which of the following is NOT a popular application of Python?

a) Web development
b) Data science
c) Robotics
d) Network programming

Answer: c) Robotics

Explanation: While Python can be used in robotics, it is not typically considered one of its primary applications. The other three options are all popular uses of Python.

6.Which of the following statements is true about Python?

a) It is a compiled language.
b) It is a scripting language.
c) It is a low-level language.
d) It is not an object-oriented language.

Answer: b) It is a scripting language.

Explanation: Python is a scripting language, which means that it is interpreted rather than compiled. This allows for greater flexibility and ease of use, as code can be executed line-by-line without the need for compilation.

7. Which of the following is NOT a reason why Python is popular among developers?

a) It has a steep learning curve.
b) It has a large and supportive community.
c) It is easy to read and write.
d) It is highly versatile and can be used in a wide range of applications.

Answer: a) It has a steep learning curve.

Explanation: One of the main reasons why Python is popular among developers is its ease of use and readability. It is considered to be one of the most beginner-friendly programming languages and has a large and supportive community of developers. Its versatility and wide range of applications also make it a popular choice.

8.Which of the following is a popular web framework for Python?

a) Django
b) Ruby on Rails
c) Node.js
d) Flask

Answer: a) Django

Explanation: Django is a popular web framework for Python that is used for building web applications. It provides a high-level, all-in-one solution for building complex web applications quickly and easily.

9.What is the latest version of Python as of September 2021?

a) Python 2.7
b) Python 3.5
c) Python 3.8
d) Python 3.10

Answer: d) Python 3.10

Explanation: As of September 2021, the latest stable version of Python is Python 3.10, which was released in October 2021.

10.Which of the following is a popular package for scientific computing in Python?

a) NumPy
b) jQuery
c) Bootstrap
d) React

Answer: a) NumPy

Explanation: NumPy is a popular package for scientific computing in Python. It provides fast and efficient array operations, linear algebra functions, and more. The other three options are popular web development frameworks and libraries.

11.Which of the following statements about Python is true?

a) Python is a high-performance language that is used mainly for system programming.
b) Python is a statically typed language, which means that variable types are determined at compile time.
c) Python is an interpreted language, which means that code is executed line-by-line.
d) Python does not support object-oriented programming.

Answer: c) Python is an interpreted language, which means that code is executed line-by-line.

Explanation: Python is an interpreted language, which means that code is executed line-by-line rather than being compiled into machine code before execution. This allows for more flexibility and easier readability.

12. What is PEP 8?

a) A popular web framework for Python
b) A standard for formatting Python code
c) A package for scientific computing in Python
d) A protocol for network programming in Python

Answer: b) A standard for formatting Python code

Explanation: PEP 8 is a document that provides guidelines for formatting Python code. It covers everything from naming conventions to indentation and is widely used by developers to ensure that their code is readable and maintainable.

13.Which of the following is NOT a data structure in Python?

a) List
b) Tuple
c) Dictionary
d) Stack

Answer: d) Stack

Explanation: While a stack is a common data structure in computer science, it is not a built-in data structure in Python. The other three options are all built-in data structures in Python.

14.What is a virtual environment in Python?

a) A separate installation of Python that is used for development and testing.
b) A way to create multiple instances of the same Python interpreter on a single machine.
c) A way to isolate Python dependencies and packages for a specific project.
d) A tool for managing Python packages and dependencies.

Answer: c) A way to isolate Python dependencies and packages for a specific project.

Explanation: A virtual environment in Python is a way to isolate dependencies and packages for a specific project. This allows for greater flexibility and makes it easier to manage dependencies across multiple projects.

15. Which of the following is a popular machine learning library for Python?

a) Scikit-learn
b) TensorFlow
c) PyTorch
d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

Explanation: Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and PyTorch are all popular machine learning libraries for Python. They provide a wide range of tools and functions for building and training machine learning models.

16. What is the purpose of the “if name == ‘main’:” statement in a Python script?

a) It is used to define the main function of the script.
b) It is used to define the arguments that can be passed to the script.
c) It is used to ensure that the script is only executed if it is the main program.
d) It is used to import modules and libraries into the script.

Answer: c) It is used to ensure that the script is only executed if it is the main program.

Explanation: The “if name == ‘main’:” statement is used to ensure that a Python script is only executed if it is the main program. This allows the script to be imported as a module into other programs without executing its main code block.

17. What is a decorator in Python?

a) A way to add functionality to an existing function or class without modifying its code.
b) A way to define a new function or class with a specific set of arguments.
c) A way to iterate over a sequence of elements in a function or class.
d) A way to encapsulate data and functionality in a single object.

Answer: a) A way to add functionality to an existing function or class without modifying its code.

Explanation: A decorator in Python is a way to add functionality to an existing function or class without modifying its code. It allows you to modify the behavior of a function or class without changing its source code.

About and History of Python

18.What is a lambda function in Python?

a) A function that is defined inline and does not have a name.
b) A function that is defined as a method of a class.
c) A function that is defined to accept an arbitrary number of arguments.
d) A function that is used to raise an exception.

Answer: a) A function that is defined inline and does not have a name.

Explanation: A lambda function in Python is a function that is defined inline and does not have a name. It is used for small, one-off functions that do not require a formal definition.

19.What is a generator in Python?

a) A function that returns a sequence of values, one at a time.
b) A way to create multiple instances of the same Python interpreter on a single machine.
c) A way to isolate Python dependencies and packages for a specific project.
d) A protocol for network programming in Python.

Answer: a) A function that returns a sequence of values, one at a time.

Explanation: A generator in Python is a function that returns a sequence of values, one at a time, using the “yield” keyword. This allows the function to generate values on-the-fly, rather than generating all of the values at once and returning them as a list or tuple.

20. What is the purpose of the “pass” statement in Python?

a) It is used to define a function or class that does nothing.
b) It is used to indicate that a function or class has not been implemented yet.
c) It is used to define an empty code block in a function or class.
d) It is used to break out of a loop or switch statement.

Answer: c) It is used to define an empty code block in a function or class.

Explanation: The “pass” statement in Python is used to define an empty code block in a function or class. It is often used as a placeholder for code that has not been implemented yet.

21. What is the purpose of the “assert” statement in Python?

a) It is used to check if a condition is True and raise an error if it is not.
b) It is used to catch and handle exceptions in Python code.
c) It is used to define a block of code that will be executed if an exception occurs.
d) It is used to define a new exception class in Python.

Answer: a) It is used to check if a condition is True and raise an error if it is not.

Explanation: The “assert” statement in Python is used to check if a condition is True and raise an error if it is not. It is often used for debugging purposes, to ensure that a particular condition holds true at a specific point in the program.

22.What is a set in Python?

a) A collection of unique, unordered elements.
b) A collection of ordered elements.
c) A collection of key-value pairs.
d) A collection of functions and methods.

Answer: a) A collection of unique, unordered elements.

Explanation: A set in Python is a collection of unique, unordered elements. It is similar to a list or tuple, but it does not allow duplicate elements.

23.What is a dictionary in Python?

a) A collection of unique, unordered elements.
b) A collection of ordered elements.
c) A collection of key-value pairs.
d) A collection of functions and methods.

Answer: c) A collection of key-value pairs.

Explanation: A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs, where each key is associated with a value. It is similar to a hash table or associative array in other programming languages.

24.What is a module in Python?

a) A file containing Python code that can be imported into other Python programs.
b) A way to group related Python functions and classes together.
c) A way to define a new Python data type.
d) A way to define a new Python exception class.

Answer: a) A file containing Python code that can be imported into other Python programs.

Explanation: A module in Python is a file containing Python code that can be imported into other Python programs. It allows you to reuse code across multiple programs and organize your code into separate files for better maintainability.

25.What is a package in Python?

a) A collection of related Python modules.
b) A way to define a new Python data type.
c) A way to define a new Python exception class.
d) A way to define a new Python function or method.

Answer: a) A collection of related Python modules.

Explanation: A package in Python is a collection of related Python modules, organized into a directory hierarchy. It allows you to group related functionality together and share it across multiple programs.

About and History of Python

26. Who is the creator of Python?

a) Larry Page
b) Guido van Rossum
c) Mark Zuckerberg
d) Bill Gates

Answer: b) Guido van Rossum

Explanation: Guido van Rossum created Python in the late 1980s while working at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.

27.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Python?

a) Object-oriented programming
b) Static typing
c) Dynamic semantics
d) High-level language

Answer: b) Static typing

Explanation: Python is a dynamically typed language, meaning that variable types are determined at runtime rather than at compile time. This allows for more flexibility and easier readability.

28.What is PEP 8?

A. A Python library for plotting graphs
B. A Python module for parsing XML
C. A style guide for Python code
D. A Python package for web development

Answer: C

Explanation: PEP 8 is a style guide for Python code that recommends guidelines for formatting, naming conventions, and other aspects of code style.

29. What is a variable in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. A function that returns a value
C. A type of loop
D. A way to define classes

Answer: A

Explanation: A variable is a container for data values in Python. Variables can hold different types of data, such as strings, integers, or lists.

30.┬а What is a function in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. A type of loop
C. A way to define classes
D. A block of code that performs a specific task

Answer: D

Explanation: A function in Python is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions can take parameters as input and return values as output.

31. What is a list in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. A type of loop
C. A way to define classes
D. A sequence of values, separated by commas and enclosed in square brackets

Answer: D

Explanation: A list in Python is a sequence of values, separated by commas and enclosed in square brackets. Lists can hold different types of data, such as strings, integers, or other lists.

32. What is a tuple in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. A type of loop
C. A way to define classes
D. A sequence of values, separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses

Answer: D

Explanation: A tuple in Python is a sequence of values, separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses. Tuples are similar to lists, but they are immutable, which means their values cannot be changed once they are defined.

33. What is a dictionary in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. A type of loop
C. A way to define classes
D. A collection of key-value pairs, enclosed in curly braces

Answer: D

Explanation: A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs, enclosed in curly braces. Each key-value pair maps a key to a valu

34. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

A. A list is mutable, while a tuple is immutable
B. A tuple is mutable, while a list is immutable
C. Both lists and tuples are mutable
D. Both lists and tuples are immutable

Answer: A

Explanation: A list in Python is mutable, which means its values can be changed after it is defined. A tuple is immutable, which means that its elements cannot be changed after it is defined.

35. What is a module in Python?

A. A file containing Python code
B. A function that returns a value
C. A way to define classes
D. A container for data values

Answer: A

Explanation: A module in Python is a file containing Python code. Modules can be imported into other Python programs to use the code they contain.

36.What is a package in Python?

A. A way to define classes
B. A container for data values
C. A collection of related modules
D. A function that returns a value

Answer: C

Explanation: A package in Python is a collection of related modules. Packages can be organized in a hierarchical directory structure and can contain other packages as well as modules.

37.What is a class in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. A way to define functions
C. A way to define modules
D. A blueprint for creating objects

Answer: D

Explanation: A class in Python is a blueprint for creating objects. Classes define the properties and behavior of objects, and can be used to create multiple instances of the same type of object.

38.What is an object in Python?

A. A container for data values
B. An instance of a class
C. A way to define functions
D. A way to define modules

Answer: B

Explanation: An object in Python is an instance of a class. Objects have properties and behavior defined by their class, and can be used to perform tasks and store data.

39.┬а What is inheritance in Python?

A. A way to define functions
B. A way to define classes
C. A way to define modules
D. A way to define objects

Answer: B

Explanation: Inheritance in Python is a way to create a new class that is a modified version of an existing class. The new class inherits properties and behavior from the existing class, and can also have its own properties and behavior.

40. What is encapsulation in Python?

A. A way to define functions
B. A way to define modules
C. A way to hide data and behavior within a class
D. A way to define objects

Answer: C

Explanation: Encapsulation in Python is a way to hide the data and behavior of a class from other parts of the program. This is achieved by using access modifiers to control which parts of the class are visible to other parts of the program.

41. What is polymorphism in Python?

A. A way to define functions
B. A way to define modules
C. A way to hide data and behavior within a class
D. A way to use objects of different classes interchangeably

Answer: D

Explanation: Polymorphism in Python is a way to use objects of different classes interchangeably, as long as they share a common interface. This allows code to be written more generically and to work with a wider range of objects.

42. What is the difference between == and is in Python?

A. == compares object identity, while is compares object values
B. == compares object values, while is compares object identity
C. Both == and is compare object identity
D. Both == and is compare object values

Answer: B

Explanation: The == operator in Python compares object values, while the is operator compares object identity. This means that == will return True if two objects have the same value, while is will return True only if two objects are the same object in memory.

What is Blogging

Basics of blogging

Blogging is the process of regularly creating and publishing written content on a blog or website. Blogging can be a personal hobby, a business tool for promoting products or services, or a means of sharing information and opinions on a particular topic. Here are some basics of blogging to get started:

Choose a blogging platform: There are several platforms available for blogging such as WordPress, Blogger, Medium, Wix, and Squarespace. Choose a platform that suits your needs and preferences.

  • Select a niche: Identify the topic or niche that you want to focus on. It’s best to choose a niche that you’re passionate about and have expertise in.
  • Create valuable content: Write blog posts that provide value to your readers. Your content should be informative, engaging, and relevant to your niche.
  • Promote your blog: Share your blog posts on social media platforms and other relevant websites to increase your visibility and attract more readers.
  • Engage with your audience: Respond to comments and questions from your readers, and build a community around your blog.
  • Analyze your performance: Use tools like Google Analytics to track your blog’s performance and identify areas for improvement.

Remember that blogging is a long-term commitment. It takes time and effort to build a successful blog, but with dedication and consistency, you can achieve your goals.

History of Blogging

Blogging has its roots in online diaries and personal journals that people began keeping in the early 1990s. These were mostly text-based and often contained personal musings, commentary on current events, and links to other websites.

In 1994, Justin Hall created the first blog, Links.net, which consisted of links to websites that he found interesting. Over the next few years, blogging grew in popularity, and by the late 1990s, there were several popular blogging platforms available, including Open Diary and LiveJournal.

However, it wasn’t until the early 2000s that blogging really took off. In 1999, Pyra Labs launched Blogger, a platform that made it easy for anyone to create and publish a blog. This led to a surge in the number of blogs online, as people began to use blogging as a way to share their thoughts and ideas with the world.

In 2003, WordPress was launched, and it quickly became one of the most popular blogging platforms on the web. Over the next few years, blogging continued to grow, with more and more people starting blogs on a wide range of topics, from politics and technology to fashion and food.

Today, blogging is an essential part of the internet landscape, with millions of blogs online covering every conceivable topic. Blogging has also become an important tool for businesses, organizations, and individuals looking to build their brand, promote their products or services, and connect with their audience.

History of Indian blogging

Blogging in India started around the early 2000s, with the rise of personal computing and internet penetration in the country. However, it was not until 2004-05 that blogging gained traction in India, largely due to the emergence of several influential bloggers who popularized the medium.

Some of the early Indian bloggers included Amit Agarwal of Labnol.org, Kiruba Shankar of Kiruba.com, and Rashmi Bansal of Youthcurry.com, among others. These bloggers wrote about a range of topics, including technology, entrepreneurship, and social issues.

In 2006, the launch of the popular blogging platform, WordPress, further fueled the growth of blogging in India. Blogging communities and forums also emerged, providing bloggers with a platform to connect and collaborate.

Over the next few years, blogging became increasingly popular in India, with many bloggers writing about topics such as travel, food, fashion, and lifestyle. Several bloggers also started to monetize their blogs, through advertising, sponsored posts, and affiliate marketing.

Blogging also played a significant role in the rise of citizen journalism in India, with many bloggers covering breaking news and social issues that were not being adequately covered by mainstream media.

Today, blogging in India continues to evolve, with new platforms, tools, and technologies emerging all the time. While the medium has faced challenges in recent years, such as censorship and government regulation, it remains an important tool for self-expression, activism, and entrepreneurship in India.

Why People Blog

People blog for a variety of reasons. Here are some of the most common motivations:

  • Personal expression: Many people blog as a way to express their thoughts, ideas, and opinions on a particular topic. Blogging provides a platform to share personal experiences, musings, and reflections with others.
  • Creative outlet: Blogging can be a way for people to showcase their creativity and share their talents with the world. For example, bloggers may write about their hobbies, share their photography or artwork, or even create videos or podcasts.
  • Building a community: Blogging can help people connect with others who share their interests and passions. By creating a blog, people can build a community around their niche or topic, and engage with others who are interested in the same things.
  • Sharing knowledge: Many bloggers use their platform to share their expertise and knowledge on a particular subject. This can be a way to educate and inform others, and provide valuable resources and insights to readers.
  • Building a brand: Blogging can be an effective way for businesses, entrepreneurs, and individuals to build their brand and establish themselves as experts in their field. By creating valuable content, they can attract an audience and promote their products or services.
  • Generating income: Some bloggers earn income through their blog by monetizing their content through ads, sponsored posts, affiliate marketing, or by selling their own products or services.

Overall, people blog for a variety of reasons, and the motivations can be personal, creative, social, or professional.

The Benefits of Blogging

Blogging has many benefits, both personal and professional. Here are some of the main advantages of blogging:

  • Provides a creative outlet: Blogging can be a great way to express yourself creatively and showcase your skills and talents, whether that’s writing, photography, or video production.
  • Helps establish credibility and authority: By sharing your expertise and knowledge on a particular subject, you can establish yourself as an authority in your field and build trust with your audience.
  • Increases visibility and exposure: Blogging can help you reach a wider audience and increase your online presence. By creating high-quality content, you can attract more readers, gain followers, and grow your social media following.
  • Builds a community: Blogging can help you connect with like-minded people and build a community around your niche or topic. This can be a great way to make new friends and networking opportunities.
  • Boosts SEO: Blogging can improve your website’s search engine ranking and increase traffic to your site. By using relevant keywords and providing high-quality content, you can make your site more visible to search engines and potential readers.
  • Provides business opportunities: Blogging can open up new business opportunities, such as sponsorships, partnerships, and collaborations. By building a strong online presence and establishing yourself as an authority in your field, you can attract business opportunities and generate revenue.

Overall, blogging can be a rewarding and fulfilling activity that offers a wide range of benefits, both personally and professionally. Whether you’re looking to express yourself creatively, share your expertise, or grow your business, blogging can help you achieve your goals.

Which is Better Blogging or YouTube

Whether blogging or YouTube is better depends on your personal goals, strengths, and interests. Both platforms have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Blogging is a great way to express yourself through writing and create high-quality content that can be easily searchable and shared. Some of the benefits of blogging include:

  • More control over the content creation process
  • The ability to create evergreen content that can continue to drive traffic and engagement long after it is published
  • Higher potential for SEO (search engine optimization) benefits, as written content can be more easily optimized for search engines
  • Lower barriers to entry, as blogging can be done with minimal equipment and technical knowledge

On the other hand, YouTube provides a visual and interactive platform for content creation, and can be a better option for those who excel at video production and performance. Some of the benefits of YouTube include:

  • Greater potential for virality, as videos can easily be shared on social media and other platforms
  • The ability to convey more emotion and personality through visual and audio cues
  • Higher potential for engagement, as viewers can leave comments and interact with the creator in real-time
  • The potential to generate income through advertising revenue, sponsorships, and other partnerships

Ultimately, the decision between blogging and YouTube depends on your personal strengths and interests. If you enjoy writing and have a way with words, blogging may be a better option. If you have a flair for video production and enjoy performing in front of a camera, then YouTube may be the better choice.

What is Machine language.

What is Machine language.

Machine language, also known as machine code or assembly language, is a low-level programming language consisting of binary code that is directly executed by a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).

In machine language, instructions are written in binary code, which consists of only two symbols: 0 and 1. Each instruction is a series of bits that correspond to a specific operation that the CPU can perform.

Machine language is considered to be the most basic form of programming language, and it is used to write programs that can be executed directly by a computer’s hardware. However, because it is difficult for humans to read and write binary code, higher-level programming languages have been developed that are easier to use and understand.

First machine language

The first machine language was developed in the 1940s for the first electronic computers, such as the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) and the Manchester Mark 1. The machine language used for these early computers was specific to each machine, and programming had to be done manually by setting switches or plugging wires to create the necessary binary instructions.

As computers evolved and became more standardized, machine languages were developed that could be used across different machines with similar architectures. One such machine language is the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) used in modern personal computers.

Today, machine language is not commonly used by programmers, as higher-level programming languages have been developed that are easier to use and understand. However, machine language is still used in some specialized applications, such as firmware programming for devices with limited processing power or embedded systems.

Some code of Machine language.

Here is an example of machine language code for a simple program that adds two numbers together and stores the result in memory:

01000001 00001010 00001111 00000000┬а // Load the value at memory address 10 into the accumulator

01000010 00001110 00001111 00000001┬а // Add the value at memory address 11 to the accumulator

01000011 00001010 00010000 00000000┬а // Store the result in the memory address 16

In this code, each line represents a binary instruction that is executed by the computer’s CPU. The first instruction loads the value at memory address 10 into the accumulator, which is a register that holds data for processing. The second instruction adds the value at memory address 11 to the accumulator, and the third instruction stores the result in memory address 16.

As you can see, machine language code is made up of binary numbers that represent specific instructions that the CPU can execute. This is a very low-level and tedious way to write programs, which is why higher-level programming languages were developed to make programming easier and more efficient.

code for sum in machine language

01000001 00001010 00001111 00000000┬а ; Load the first number from memory address 10 into the accumulator

01000010 00001110 00001111 00000001┬а ; Add the second number from memory address 11 to the accumulator

01000011 00001010 00010000 00000000┬а ; Store the result in memory address 16

In this code, the first instruction loads the first number from memory address 10 into the accumulator, which is a register that holds data for processing. The second instruction adds the second number from memory address 11 to the accumulator, and the third instruction stores the result in memory address 16.

Note that in this example, we assume that the first number is stored in memory address 10 and the second number is stored in memory address 11. You would need to adjust the memory addresses depending on where your numbers are stored in memory.

Inventor of machine language

Machine language, also known as machine code or assembly language, was not invented by a single individual, but rather evolved over time as computers were developed.

In the early days of computing, programmers had to manually set switches or plug wires to create the necessary binary instructions for a specific computer. As computers evolved, machine language was developed that could be used across different machines with similar architectures.

One of the earliest computer scientists to work on developing machine language was John von Neumann, a Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist who contributed significantly to the development of computer architecture and programming. Other pioneers in the field of computer science, such as Alan Turing and Grace Hopper, also played important roles in the development of machine language and other low-level programming languages.

Today, machine language is not commonly used by programmers, as higher-level programming languages have been developed that are easier to use and understand. However, machine language is still used in some specialized applications, such as firmware programming for devices with limited processing power or embedded systems.

most important information about machine language

Here are some of the most important things to know about machine language:

  • Machine language, also known as machine code or assembly language, is a low-level programming language consisting of binary code that is directly executed by a computer’s central processing unit (CPU).
  • Machine language is made up of binary instructions that represent specific operations that the CPU can perform. Each instruction is a series of bits that correspond to a specific operation that the CPU can execute.
  • Machine language is considered to be the most basic form of programming language, and it is used to write programs that can be executed directly by a computer’s hardware.
  • Machine language is difficult for humans to read and write, which is why higher-level programming languages were developed that are easier to use and understand.
  • Despite the development of higher-level programming languages, machine language is still used in some specialized applications, such as firmware programming for devices with limited processing power or embedded systems.
  • Machine language is specific to each computer architecture, meaning that different types of computers require different machine languages.
  • One of the pioneers in the development of machine language was John von Neumann, a Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist who contributed significantly to the development of computer architecture and programming.

Overall, machine language is an essential part of computer science and programming, as it provides the foundation for all other programming languages and allows for direct control over a computer’s hardware.

first code of machine language

The first code of machine language was likely very simple and specific to the first computers that were developed. One of the earliest computers, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which was developed during World War II, was programmed using machine language by physically manipulating its switches and plugs to represent binary instructions.

However, here’s an example of a simple machine language program that adds two numbers together and stores the result in memory, which could be similar to some of the earliest machine language programs that were written:

01100001 00000100 00000010┬а ; Load the first number from memory address 4 into the accumulator

01100010 00000101 00000011┬а ; Add the second number from memory address 5 to the accumulator

01100011 00000110 00000000┬а ; Store the result in memory address 6

In this code, the first instruction loads the first number from memory address 4 into the accumulator, which is a register that holds data for processing. The second instruction adds the second number from memory address 5 to the accumulator, and the third instruction stores the result in memory address 6.

Note that this example assumes a particular computer architecture and memory layout, so the specific memory addresses and instruction formats could be different depending on the computer being used.

What is Key Point of Meta Description

The key point of a meta description is to provide a brief and accurate summary of the content of a web page. It is a short snippet of text that appears in search engine results pages (SERPs) below the page title and URL.

The purpose of a meta description is to give search engine users a quick preview of what they can expect to find on the page. It should include relevant keywords and phrases related to the content of the page, as well as a call-to-action to entice users to click through to the page.

A well-crafted meta description can help improve click-through rates, drive more traffic to a website, and improve the overall search engine ranking of the page.


To expand further, a meta description serves as a marketing tool to encourage users to click on the link to the page from the search results. It should be written in a compelling way to grab the attention of the reader and entice them to click through to the page.

In addition, the meta description should accurately reflect the content of the page, as misleading or inaccurate descriptions may result in a negative user experience, which could lead to a higher bounce rate and lower search engine rankings.

The ideal length for a meta description is between 50-160 characters, although this can vary depending on the search engine. It’s important to keep the most important information and keywords within the first 100 characters to ensure that it is visible in the search results.

Overall, a well-crafted meta description can help increase click-through rates, drive more traffic to a website, and improve the overall search engine ranking of the page, making it an important element of on-page SEO optimization.

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ crawler┬а рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрдерд╛ рдпрд╣ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ |

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ crawler┬а рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрдерд╛ рдпрд╣ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ |

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдПрдХ рд╕реЙрдлреНрдЯрд╡реЗрдпрд░ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдЬреИрд╕реА рд╡реЗрдм рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реИрдХрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рдпрд╛ рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреА рдбреЗрдЯрд╛рдмреЗрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рдСрдЯреЛрдореЗрдЯреЗрдб рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдирд╛рдо, рд╕рдВрд░рдЪрдирд╛, рдмреИрдХрд▓рд┐рдВрдХ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдХреЛ рдПрдХрддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрдЯ рдкрд░ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред

рдпрд╣ рдЬрд╛рдирдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рдирдИ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдЧрдд рдпрд╛ рдирд┐рдЬреА рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд╡рдЬреВрдж рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рдЗрдВрдЬрди рдкрд░ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдИ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ, рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдПрд╡рдВ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдЬреЛреЬрддреЗ рд╕рдордп рдпрд╣ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд░реЛрд▓ рдЕрджрд╛ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЬрдм рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╡рд╣ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рднреА рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЦреЛрдЬ рдкреНрд░рд╢реНрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрддреНрддрд░ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдорд┐рд▓рддреА рд╣реИред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐, рдпрджрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкрд░ рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдЙрд╕ рд╡рд░реНрдб рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд░реНрддреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдкреГрд╖реНрдареЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪреА рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдХрдИ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐ рдлрд╝реАрдб рдмреЙрдЯ, рдиреНрдпреВрдЬрд╝ рдмреЙрдЯ, рд╡реАрдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдмреЙрдЯ рдФрд░ рдЗрдореЗрдЬ рдмреЙрдЯ рдЬреЛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдлреАрдб, рдиреНрдпреВрдЬрд╝, рд╡реАрдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдФрд░ рдЗрдореЗрдЬ рдХрдВрдЯреЗрдВрдЯ рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдПрдХ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рддрддреНрд╡ рд╣реИ рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рдХрдИ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙрдирдХреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдорд┐рд▓ рд╕рдХреЗред

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рдкреГрд╖реНрдареЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде-рд╕рд╛рде рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХ рдФрд░ URL рднреА рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЬрдм рдпреВрдЬрд░ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкрд░ рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдирд┐рд░реНрджрд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЦреЛрдЬ рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдореЛрдВ рдХреА рдПрдХ рд╕реВрдЪреА рдмрдирд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдкрд╛рдпреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред

рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛, рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓ рдЕрдиреБрд░реЛрдз (request) рднреЗрдЬрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреЛ рдЖрдорддреМрд░ рдкрд░ robots.txt рдлрд╝рд╛рдЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗрдЯ рдХрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдирд┐рд░реНрджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдпрджрд┐ robots.txt рдлрд╝рд╛рдЗрд▓ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рдмреНрд▓реЙрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдирд┐рд░реНрджреЗрд╢ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдЙрд╕ рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░реЗрдЧрд╛ред

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рдЕрдВрддрд░рд╛рд▓ рдкрд░ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд╡реАрдирддрдо рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХреЗред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рдВрд╢ рд╕рдордп рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЬрд┐рддрдирд╛ рд╕рдВрднрд╡ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рдпрд╣ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдПрдХ рдСрдЯреЛрдореЗрдЯреЗрдб рд╕реЙрдлреНрдЯрд╡реЗрдпрд░ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреГрд╖реНрдареЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдХреИрди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рднреА рдкрддрд╛ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдпреВрдЬрд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдкреГрд╖реНрдареЛрдВ рддрдХ рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪ рд╕рдХреЗред

рдЬрдм рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдПрдХ рд╡реЗрдмрдкреЗрдЬ рдкрд░ рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╡рд╣ рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдХреИрди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐ рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖рдХ, рдЕрдиреБрднрд╛рдЧ, рдЯреЗрдХреНрд╕реНрдЯ, рдлрд╝реЛрдЯреЛ, рд╡реАрдбрд┐рдпреЛ рдЖрджрд┐ред рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рдбрд┐рдлрд╝реЙрд▓реНрдЯ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╕реНрдХреИрди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬрд╝реА рдореЗрдВ “PageRank” рдХрд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░, рдПрдХ рдкреГрд╖реНрда рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдФрд░ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝реЗ рдЧрдП рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рдВрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЬрд┐рддрдирд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЬреБрдбрд╝рд╛рд╡ рдПрдХ рдкреГрд╖реНрда рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрдВрдЧреЗ, рдЙрддрдиреА рд╣реА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рджреВрд╕рд░реА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рдВрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧреАред

рдЬрдм рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдХреИрди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╡рд╣ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕рд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди, рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдбреЗрдЯрд╛рдмреЗрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЬрдм рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкрд░ рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдЗрд╕ рдбреЗрдЯрд╛рдмреЗрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЦреЛрдЬрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░, рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖рдХ, рдЕрдиреБрднрд╛рдЧ, рдореЗрдЯрд╛ рдЯреИрдЧ, рдЯреЗрдХреНрд╕реНрдЯ, рд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдлреИрдХреНрдЯрд░реНрд╕ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд░реНрдЪ рдХреНрд╡реЗрд░реА рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓ рдирддреАрдЬрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХреЗред

рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдЬрдм рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рдЗрдВрдбреЗрдХреНрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд░рд┐рдлреНрд░реЗрд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдирдИ рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рдбреЗрдЯрд╛рдмреЗрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХреЗ рдФрд░ рдкреБрд░рд╛рдиреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рд╣рдЯрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХреЗред рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░, рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд╡реАрдирддрдо рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рджреЗрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдордореЛрд░ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрдерд╛ рдпрд╣ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ

рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдПрдХ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рджреЛ рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рд▓рдХрд░ рдмрдирддрд╛ рд╣реИ:

On-page factors: рдЗрд╕рдореЗрдВ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпрд╡рд╕реНрддреБ, рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддреБ, рдореЗрдЯрд╛ рдЯреИрдЧ, рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖рдХ, URL, рдЖрджрд┐ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрди рдлреИрдХреНрдЯрд░реНрд╕ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрди рдлреИрдХреНрдЯрд░реНрд╕ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдХреЗ, рд╡реЗрдмрдорд╛рд╕реНрдЯрд░реНрд╕ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓ рдмрдирд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

Off-page factors: рдпрд╣ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ, рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИред рдпреЗ рдлреИрдХреНрдЯрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддреГрдд рдПрд╡рдВ рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЬреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХреА рдорджрдж рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдп рдХреА рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдорд┐рд▓рддреА рд╣реИред

рдЬрдм рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЙрд▓рд░ рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдХреИрди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╡рд╣ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА, рдЯреЗрдХреНрд╕реНрдЯ, рдореЗрдЯрд╛ рдЯреИрдЧ рдФрд░ рд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдХреИрди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рд╕рднреА рд╡рд┐рд╡рд░рдгреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд┐рдо рд░реИрдВрдХ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рджрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЯреЗрдХреНрд╕реНрдЯ рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА: рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдЯреЗрдХреНрд╕реНрдЯ рдХреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд┐рдЯреА рдХреЛ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рдордЬрдмреВрдд рдЯреЙрдкрд┐рдХ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддреГрдд рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ, рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рд░реИрдВрдХ рдорд┐рд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдмреИрдХрд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕: рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреА рдПрдХ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдореЗрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдХ рдмреИрдХрд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рдХреЛ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдмреИрдХрд▓рд┐рдВрдХреНрд╕ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрднрд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рд╡рд┐рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд┐рдЦреЗ рдЧрдП рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдХрдВрдЯреЗрдВрдЯ┬а рд▓рдВрдмрд╛рдИ: рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрдорд╛рди рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рд▓рдВрдмрд╛рдИ рдХреЛ рднреА рджреЗрдЦрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдкрддрд╛ рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рддрдиреА рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рддрдиреА рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рд╣реИред

рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп:┬а рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдпрд╛ рдкреЗрдЬ рд▓реЛрдб рд╕реНрдкреАрдб рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдлреИрдХреНрдЯрд░ рд╣реИред рдЕрдЧрд░ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рд▓реЛрдб рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╣реБрдд рд╕рдордп рд▓реЗрддреА рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛, рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рджреБрдГрдЦреА рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЯреНрд░реИрдлрд┐рдХ рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрднрд╡ рдХрдо рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдЗрд╕ рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рдзрд╛рди рд▓рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, 2018 рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдкреАрдб рдЕрдкрдЧреНрд░реЗрдб рд╕рд░реНрдЯрд┐рдлрд┐рдХреЗрдЯ (Speed Upgrade Certificate) рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЙрдирдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдХрд┐рддрдирд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдХреНрд░реЛрдо рдмреНрд░рд╛рдЙрдЬрд╝рд░ рдПрдХ рдмрдЯрди рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдХреЛ рдЬрд╛рдВрдЪ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЖрдк рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдЙрдкрд╛рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ:

рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рдЗрдореЗрдЬ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдЬ рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░реЗрдВред

  • рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд░ рд░рд┐рд╕реНрдкреЙрдиреНрд╕ рд╕рдордп рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреЙрдиреНрдЯреЗрдВрдЯ рдбрд┐рд▓реАрд╡рд░реА рдиреЗрдЯрд╡рд░реНрдХ (CDN) рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░реЗрдВред
  • рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ рдЧрдВрднреАрд░рддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдСрдкреНрдЯрд┐рдорд╛рдЗрдЬ рдХрд░реЗрдВред рдпрд╣ рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдбрд┐рдЬрд╛рдЗрди, рдХрдВрдЯреЗрдВрдЯ рдХрд╛ рдЖрдХрд╛рд░, рд╕реНрдХреНрд░рд┐рдкреНрдЯ рдФрд░ рдХреИрд╢ рдХреЛ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
  • рдПрдХ рдлрд╝рд╛рд╕реНрдЯ рд╡реЗрдм рд╣реЛрд╕реНрдЯрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░реЗрдВред рдпрд╣ рд╕реБрдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рдХрд░реЗрдЧрд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╕реНрдкреАрдб рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд░реНрд╢рди рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдиреНрдирддрд┐ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред
  • рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛ рдЯреНрд░реИрдлрд┐рдХ рдХреЛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рд░рдЦрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдХреИрд╢рд┐рдВрдЧ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░реЗрдВред рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЖрдкрдХреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд▓реЛрдбрд┐рдВрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдХрдо рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред

рдЗрди рдЙрдкрд╛рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдЖрдк рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╕реНрдкреАрдб рдмрдврд╝рд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрднрд╡ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдореЛрдмрд╛рдЗрд▓ рдлреНрд░реЗрдВрдбрд▓реА: рдЖрдЬрдХрд▓, рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛рддрд░ рд▓реЛрдЧ рд╕реНрдорд╛рд░реНрдЯрдлреЛрди рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрдЯ рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреЗ рдореЛрдмрд╛рдЗрд▓ рдлреНрд░реЗрдВрдбрд▓реА рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдорд╛рдирддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреА рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп-рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рддрддрд╛: рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рддрдерд╛ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЬреБрдбрд╝реА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреА рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рддрддрд╛ рдХреЛ рднреА рджреЗрдЦрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рддрд╛: рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рд░реИрдВрдХ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рд╕рд╛рдордЧреНрд░реА рдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд┐рдЦреЗ рдЧрдП рдЖрд▓реЗрдЦреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдЯреНрдпреВрдЯреЛрд░рд┐рдпрд▓ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рджреЗрдЦрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЗрди рд╕рднреА рдлреИрдХреНрдЯрд░реНрд╕ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╕рдВрдпреЛрдЬрди, рдЧреВрдЧрд▓ рдкреЗрдЬрд░реИрдВрдХ рдЕрд▓реНрдЧреЛрд░рд┐рдереНрдо рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╡реЗрдм рдкреЗрдЬ рдХреА рд░реИрдВрдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред